RESUME
Martin Černý, Jana Beranová, Šárka Holá (pp. 101 - 103)
Game damage is one of the critical factors affecting forestry today. This article describes the results of the comprehensive inventory of game damage that was performed in the Czech Republic in 1995 and 2000. The project was funded by the Ministry of Agriculture, which appointed the Institute of Forest Ecosystem Research, Ltd. (IFER), Jílové u Prahy, to act as a principal investigator. The Institute of Forest Management, Brandýs n. L., performed the practical fieldwork and provided the necessary background data.
The aim of the repeated game damage inventory was the assessment of game damage in forest stands of the entire Czech Republic. The assessment was based on the method of ground based statistical inventory that used field surveys performed in the network of temporary sample plots. There were altogether about 2300 stands of the major tree species (beech, oak, pine, spruce) that were evaluated. The assessment of game damage was performed individually for young plantations, middle age stands and mature stands. Several parameters of game damage were evaluated during the field surveys, including terminal shoot browsing, lateral shoot browsing, peeling, damage by fraying and damage by forest mechanization. Damage was sorted by its intensity and age. Stand age, tree species and damage type created 150 specific combinations that were statistically evaluated. The results show that game damage to forests has not decreased between 1995 and 2000. On the contrary, in forest plantations the amount of trees with some damage increased in average by 10 %. The study also presents some other warning numbers for the Czech forest management: altogether 27 % of the evaluated trees were damaged by game or mechanization. There are more than 16.7 % of damaged trees on half of the stand area in the country (median).
CAUSES OF DAMAGE TO BEECH (Fagus sylvatica) IN FOREST NURSERIES
Jarmila Nárovcová, Marcela Skuhravá (pp. 122-125)
Several biotic agents cause damage to young beech plants grown in forest nurseries in the Czech Republic, viz. Contarinia fagi (Cecidomyiidae, Diptera), eriophyid mites of the genus Aceria (Eriophyidae, Acari) and fungi of the genus Nectria (Ascomycetes, Fungi). Multiplication of stunted shoots of young beech plants may be manifestation of virus disease. Damaging agents occur on young beech plants either separately or together (see Table 2). It is presupposed that virus could be transmitted to beech by eriophyid mites. Attacked plants were analysed in autumn after vegetative period and therefore the damaging agents were not be found on beech plants. It is necessary to investigate attacked beech plants in forest nurseries during the next vegetative season to elucidate their influence. The following recommendations may contribute to reduce the occurrence of damaging agents: to change each year the soil substratum, in which young beech plants are grown; to determine the suitable time for sowing the beech seed to prevent the coincidence of very young beech plants and flying gall midges (Contarinia fagi); to repeat the chemical control of young beech plants and to use such insecticides which are directed at sucking insects. Preventive chemical control in forest nurseries is advisable at places where damaged young beech plants occur.